WPF教程(十一)模板入门一

2018年09月21日 17:30:57 yangwenxue1989 阅读数:401  

在前面一篇我们粗略说了Style,如果要自定义一个个性十足的控件,仅仅依靠样式和行为是不行的,他们只能通过控件的既有属性来简单改变外观,还需要有ControlTemplate来彻底定制,这是改变Control的呈现,也可以通过DataTemplate来改变Data的呈现,对于ItemsControl,还可以通过ItemsPanelTemplate来改变Items容器的呈现。

从上段文字可以总结出,模板大概分为3种:(1)ControlTemplate;(2)DataTemplate;(3)ItemsControl,第一种我们经常能用到,比较常见,现在我们来一一介绍:

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(一)ControlTemplate

控件模板可以将自定义模板应用到某一特定类型的所有控件,主要有两个重要属性:VisualTree内容属性和Triggers触发器。所谓VisualTree(视觉树),就是呈现我们所画的控件。Triggers可以对我们的视觉树上的元素进行一些变化,一般用于单内容控件。

  1.   <Window.Resources>
  2.   <ControlTemplate TargetType= "{x:Type Button}" x:Key="ButtonControlTemplate">
  3.   <Grid>
  4.   <Ellipse Width= "100" Height="100" >
  5.   <Ellipse.Fill>
  6.   <LinearGradientBrush StartPoint= "0,0" EndPoint="0,1">
  7.   <GradientStop Offset= "0" Color="Cyan" />
  8.   <GradientStop Offset= "1" Color="LightCyan" />
  9.   </LinearGradientBrush>
  10.   </Ellipse.Fill>
  11.   </Ellipse>
  12.   <Ellipse Width= "80" Height="80">
  13.   <Ellipse.Fill>
  14.   <LinearGradientBrush StartPoint= "0,0" EndPoint="0,1">
  15.   <GradientStop Offset= "0" Color="Yellow" />
  16.   <GradientStop Offset= "1" Color="Transparent" />
  17.   </LinearGradientBrush>
  18.   </Ellipse.Fill>
  19.   </Ellipse>
  20.   <ContentPresenter Content= "{TemplateBinding Content}" HorizontalAlignment="Center" VerticalAlignment="Center"/>
  21.   </Grid>
  22.   </ControlTemplate>
  23.   </Window.Resources>
  24.   <Grid>
  25.   <Button Content= "Hi,WPF" Template="{StaticResource ButtonControlTemplate}" Click="Button_Click"/>
  26.   </Grid>

上面代码自定义了一个Button控件模板,为什么能替代默认模板?我们就要"解剖"Button来了解其内部结构,VS2013自带的Expression Blend 5就具有这样的解剖功能,让我们来看看模板源码:

  1.   <Style x:Key= "FocusVisual">
  2.   <Setter Property= "Control.Template">
  3.   <Setter.Value>
  4.   <ControlTemplate>
  5.   <Rectangle Margin= "2" SnapsToDevicePixels="true" Stroke="{DynamicResource {x:Static SystemColors.ControlTextBrushKey}}" StrokeThickness="1" StrokeDashArray="1 2"/>
  6.   </ControlTemplate>
  7.   </Setter.Value>
  8.   </Setter>
  9.   </Style>
  10.   <SolidColorBrush x:Key= "Button.Static.Background" Color="#FFDDDDDD"/>
  11.   <SolidColorBrush x:Key= "Button.Static.Border" Color="#FF707070"/>
  12.   <SolidColorBrush x:Key= "Button.MouseOver.Background" Color="#FFBEE6FD"/>
  13.   <SolidColorBrush x:Key= "Button.MouseOver.Border" Color="#FF3C7FB1"/>
  14.   <SolidColorBrush x:Key= "Button.Pressed.Background" Color="#FFC4E5F6"/>
  15.   <SolidColorBrush x:Key= "Button.Pressed.Border" Color="#FF2C628B"/>
  16.   <SolidColorBrush x:Key= "Button.Disabled.Background" Color="#FFF4F4F4"/>
  17.   <SolidColorBrush x:Key= "Button.Disabled.Border" Color="#FFADB2B5"/>
  18.   <SolidColorBrush x:Key= "Button.Disabled.Foreground" Color="#FF838383"/>
  19.   <Style x:Key= "ButtonStyle1" TargetType="{x:Type Button}">
  20.   <Setter Property= "FocusVisualStyle" Value="{StaticResource FocusVisual}"/>
  21.   <Setter Property= "Background" Value="{StaticResource Button.Static.Background}"/>
  22.   <Setter Property= "BorderBrush" Value="{StaticResource Button.Static.Border}"/>
  23.   <Setter Property= "Foreground" Value="{DynamicResource {x:Static SystemColors.ControlTextBrushKey}}"/>
  24.   <Setter Property= "BorderThickness" Value="1"/>
  25.   <Setter Property= "HorizontalContentAlignment" Value="Center"/>
  26.   <Setter Property= "VerticalContentAlignment" Value="Center"/>
  27.   <Setter Property= "Padding" Value="1"/>
  28.   <Setter Property= "Template">
  29.   <Setter.Value>
  30.   <ControlTemplate TargetType= "{x:Type Button}">
  31.   <Border x:Name= "border" BorderBrush="{TemplateBinding BorderBrush}" BorderThickness="{TemplateBinding BorderThickness}" Background="{TemplateBinding Background}" SnapsToDevicePixels="true">
  32.   <ContentPresenter x:Name= "contentPresenter" Focusable="False" HorizontalAlignment="{TemplateBinding HorizontalContentAlignment}" Margin="{TemplateBinding Padding}" RecognizesAccessKey="True" SnapsToDevicePixels="{TemplateBinding SnapsToDevicePixels}" VerticalAlignment="{TemplateBinding VerticalContentAlignment}"/>
  33.   </Border>
  34.   <ControlTemplate.Triggers>
  35.   <Trigger Property= "IsDefaulted" Value="true">
  36.   <Setter Property= "BorderBrush" TargetName="border" Value="{DynamicResource {x:Static SystemColors.HighlightBrushKey}}"/>
  37.   </Trigger>
  38.   <Trigger Property= "IsMouseOver" Value="true">
  39.   <Setter Property= "Background" TargetName="border" Value="{StaticResource Button.MouseOver.Background}"/>
  40.   <Setter Property= "BorderBrush" TargetName="border" Value="{StaticResource Button.MouseOver.Border}"/>
  41.   </Trigger>
  42.   <Trigger Property= "IsPressed" Value="true">
  43.   <Setter Property= "Background" TargetName="border" Value="{StaticResource Button.Pressed.Background}"/>
  44.   <Setter Property= "BorderBrush" TargetName="border" Value="{StaticResource Button.Pressed.Border}"/>
  45.   </Trigger>
  46.   <Trigger Property= "IsEnabled" Value="false">
  47.   <Setter Property= "Background" TargetName="border" Value="{StaticResource Button.Disabled.Background}"/>
  48.   <Setter Property= "BorderBrush" TargetName="border" Value="{StaticResource Button.Disabled.Border}"/>
  49.   <Setter Property= "TextElement.Foreground" TargetName="contentPresenter" Value="{StaticResource Button.Disabled.Foreground}"/>
  50.   </Trigger>
  51.   </ControlTemplate.Triggers>
  52.   </ControlTemplate>
  53.   </Setter.Value>
  54.   </Setter>
  55.   </Style>

可以看出,其模板是由一个Border里面放了一个ContentPresenter构成的,然后是触发器定义的默认行为,相对比较简单,现在已经被我们新定义的替代了,因为新模板里没写Trigger,所以没有像默认的那种触发效果。这个Button内部比较简单,就一个ControlTemplate,像ScrollBar等控件,内部是相当复杂的。

(二)DataTemplate

数据模板,在WPF中,决定数据外观的是DataTemplate,即DataTemplate是数据内容的表现形式,一条数据显示成什么样子,是简单的文本还是直观的图形,就是由DataTemplate决定的。

内容控件通过ContentTemplate属性支持数据模板;列表控件(即继承自ItemsControl类的控件),通过ItemTemplate属性支持数据模板,该模板用于显示由ItemSource提供集合中的每一项。下面通过设计继承ItemsControl类控件ListBox及ComboBox控件的DataTemplate,把单调的数据显示成直观的柱状图。

  1.   <Window.Resources>
  2.   <DataTemplate x:Key= "MyItem">
  3.   <StackPanel Orientation= "Horizontal">
  4.   <Grid>
  5.   <Rectangle Stroke= "Yellow" Fill="Orange" Width="{Binding Price}"></Rectangle>
  6.   <TextBlock Text= "{Binding Year}"></TextBlock>
  7.   </Grid>
  8.   <TextBlock Text= "{Binding Price}"></TextBlock>
  9.   </StackPanel>
  10.   </DataTemplate>
  11.   </Window.Resources>
  12.   <Grid>
  13.   <ListBox x:Name= "listBox1" ItemTemplate="{StaticResource MyItem}"/>
  14.   <ComboBox x:Name= "comboBox1" ItemTemplate="{StaticResource MyItem}"/>
  15.   </Grid>
  1.   public partial class MainWindow : Window
  2.   {
  3.   public MainWindow()
  4.   {
  5.   InitializeComponent();
  6.   List<Unit> units = new List<Unit>();
  7.   Unit unit1 = new Unit() { Year = "2001", Price = 100 };
  8.   Unit unit2 = new Unit() { Year = "2002", Price = 120 };
  9.   Unit unit3 = new Unit() { Year = "2003", Price = 140 };
  10.   Unit unit4 = new Unit() { Year = "2004", Price = 160 };
  11.   Unit unit5 = new Unit() { Year = "2005", Price = 180 };
  12.   units.Add(unit1);
  13.   units.Add(unit2);
  14.   units.Add(unit3);
  15.   units.Add(unit4);
  16.   units.Add(unit5);
  17.   listBox1.ItemsSource = units;
  18.   comboBox1.ItemsSource = units;
  19.   }
  20.   }
  21.   class Unit
  22.   {
  23.   public string Year { get; set; }
  24.   public int Price { get; set; }
  25.   }

也可以把某个类型作用在DataTemplate上,方法是设置DataTemplate的DataType属性。上面的例子也可以通过这种方式实现:

  1.   //Attention
  2.   xmlns:local= "clr-namespace:DataTemplate"
  3.   xmlns:c= "clr-namespace:System.Collections;assembly=mscorlib"
  4.   <Window.Resources>
  5.   <DataTemplate DataType= "{x:Type local:MyUnit}">
  6.   <StackPanel Orientation= "Horizontal">
  7.   <Grid>
  8.   <Rectangle Stroke= "Yellow" Fill="Orange" Width="{Binding Price}"></Rectangle>
  9.   <TextBlock Text= "{Binding Year}"></TextBlock>
  10.   </Grid>
  11.   <TextBlock Text= "{Binding Price}"></TextBlock>
  12.   </StackPanel>
  13.   </DataTemplate>
  14.   <c:ArrayList x:Key= "ds">
  15.   <local:MyUnit Year = "2001" Price="100"/>
  16.   <local:MyUnit Year = "2002" Price="120"/>
  17.   <local:MyUnit Year = "2003" Price="140"/>
  18.   <local:MyUnit Year = "2004" Price="160"/>
  19.   <local:MyUnit Year = "2005" Price="180"/>
  20.   </c:ArrayList>
  21.   </Window.Resources>
  22.   <Grid>
  23.   <StackPanel>
  24.   <ListBox x:Name= "listBox1" ItemsSource="{StaticResource ds}"></ListBox>
  25.   <ComboBox x:Name= "comboBox1" ItemsSource="{StaticResource ds}"></ComboBox>
  26.   </StackPanel>
  27.   </Grid>
  1.   public class MyUnit
  2.   {
  3.   public string Year { get; set; }
  4.   public int Price { get; set; }
  5.   }

上面例子示范的是然继承自ItemsControl类的控件的DataTemplate,下面就写个ContentTemplate支持的数据模板:

  1.   <Window.Resources>
  2.   <DataTemplate x:Key= "roundbutton">
  3.   <Border CornerRadius= "8" Width="120" Background="Yellow" Opacity="0.8">
  4.   <TextBlock Text= "{TemplateBinding Content}" HorizontalAlignment="Center"/>
  5.   </Border>
  6.   </DataTemplate>
  7.   </Window.Resources>
  8.   <Grid>
  9.   <StackPanel x:Name= "stackpanel">
  10.   <Button Width= "200" Height="150" Margin="20" ContentTemplate="{StaticResource roundbutton}" Content="OK"/>
  11.   </StackPanel>
  12.   </Grid>

(三)ItemsPanelTemplate

ItemsPanelTemplate在MSDN的解释是:ItemsPanelTemplate 指定用于项的布局的面板。 GroupStyle 具有一个类型为 ItemsPanelTemplate 的 Panel属性。 ItemsControl 类型具有一个类型为ItemsPanelTemplate 的 ItemsPanel 属性。ItemsPanelTemplate用于指定项的布局。下面,我们先看个ItemsControl类型的例子,请注意比较。

  1.   <Grid>
  2.   <ListBox HorizontalAlignment="Left" Height="70" Margin="47,0,0,0" VerticalAlignment="Top" Width="39">
  3.   <system:String>abc</system:String>
  4.   <system:String>def</system:String>
  5.   <system:String>hij</system:String>
  6.   </ListBox>
  7.   <ListBox HorizontalAlignment="Left" Height="40" Margin="47,100,0,0" VerticalAlignment="Top" Width="100">
  8.   <ListBox.Style>
  9.   <Style TargetType="ListBox">
  10.   <Setter Property="ItemsPanel">
  11.   <Setter.Value>
  12.   <ItemsPanelTemplate>
  13.   <StackPanel Orientation="Horizontal"></StackPanel>
  14.   </ItemsPanelTemplate>
  15.   </Setter.Value>
  16.   </Setter>
  17.   </Style>
  18.   </ListBox.Style>
  19.   <system:String>abc</system:String>
  20.   <system:String>def</system:String>
  21.   <system:String>hij</system:String>
  22.   </ListBox>
  23.   </Grid>

总结

模板分为三大类:DataTemplate 数据外衣、ControlTemplate 控件外衣及ItemsPanelTemplate 项布局,这极大丰富了我们对各种样式的需求。上文粗略地按我的方式分3种,当然仁者见仁,很多博客也有不同的划分方法。考虑到篇幅,后续几章节,我会再细细介绍模板所需用到的其它知识点。

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